The exclusions on a general liability policy?

General liability insurance policies typically provide coverage for a wide range of liabilities that a business may face, but they also come with certain exclusions. Exclusions are specific situations or types of claims that the policy does not cover. It’s important to carefully review the terms and conditions of any insurance policy to understand what is and isn’t covered. Keep in mind that insurance policies can vary, and the specific exclusions may differ from one policy to another. Here are some common exclusions found in general liability policies:

1. Professional Liability: General liability policies usually exclude coverage for professional errors, negligence, or malpractice. Businesses that require coverage for these risks typically need a separate professional liability or errors and omissions (E&O) policy.

Professional liability insurance, also known as errors and omissions (E&O) insurance, is a type of coverage designed to protect professionals from liability arising from mistakes, errors, negligence, or omissions in the services they provide. This insurance is particularly relevant for individuals and businesses that offer professional advice, services, or expertise. Here are key points related to professional liability insurance:

1. Coverage Scope: Professional liability insurance covers claims that arise from professional services, advice, or expertise provided by a business or individual. It typically applies to errors, omissions, negligence, misrepresentation, or other professional mistakes.
2. Professions Covered: Various professionals may need professional liability insurance, including but not limited to:

• Medical professionals (malpractice insurance)
• Lawyers
• Accountants
• Consultants
• Real estate agents
• Architects
• Engineers
• IT professionals
• Financial advisors

1. Claims Examples: Claims covered by professional liability insurance may include:

• Alleged professional negligence
• Failure to deliver promised services
• Mistakes or errors in work
• Breach of duty
• Misrepresentation
• Failure to meet industry standards

1. Exclusions: While professional liability insurance covers a range of professional errors, there are often exclusions, such as intentional wrongdoing, fraud, criminal acts, and liability assumed under contracts. Each policy may have specific exclusions, so it’s essential to review the terms carefully.
2. Legal Defense Costs: Professional liability insurance typically covers legal defense costs, even if a claim is groundless or false. This is an important feature, as legal expenses can be substantial.
3. Settlements and Judgments: The policy may cover settlements or judgments in the event of a covered claim. The insurer would typically pay these amounts up to the policy limits.
4. Tail Coverage: Professional liability insurance may offer “tail coverage” or “extended reporting period” options. This allows coverage for claims made after the policy has expired but that are related to incidents that occurred while the policy was in force.
5. Industry-Specific Policies: Some professions may have industry-specific professional liability policies tailored to their unique risks and needs.
6. Risk Management: Professionals can often benefit from implementing risk management practices to reduce the likelihood of errors and mitigate potential claims.

It’s crucial for professionals to carefully review and understand the terms, conditions, and exclusions of their professional liability insurance policies. Additionally, coverage needs may vary by industry, so obtaining advice from an insurance professional familiar with the specific needs of the profession is advisable.

• Employee Injuries: Workers’ compensation insurance typically covers injuries to employees while on the job. General liability policies often exclude coverage for employee injuries, as this is a separate type of coverage.

If an employee is injured on the job, both the employer and the employee need to follow specific procedures to ensure that the injured party receives proper care, and that the incident is appropriately documented. Here are the typical steps to take when dealing with employee injuries:

1. Provide Immediate Medical Attention:

• If the injury is severe or life-threatening, call emergency services (911 or the appropriate emergency number) immediately.
• Administer first aid as needed while waiting for professional medical help.

1. Notify Supervisors and Management:

• Employees should report the injury to their immediate supervisor or manager as soon as possible.
• Employers may have specific procedures in place for reporting injuries, and employees should follow these guidelines.

1. Complete an Incident Report:

• Employers should have a process for completing an incident report detailing the circumstances of the injury. This documentation is crucial for insurance purposes and compliance with occupational health and safety regulations.
• Include information such as the date, time, location, and a description of how the injury occurred.

1. Seek Medical Evaluation:

• Even for injuries that initially seem minor, the employee needs to seek medical evaluation promptly. Some injuries may worsen over time, and having a medical record is essential for insurance claims.

1. Workers’ Compensation Claims:

• Employers should guide the injured employee through the process of filing a workers’ compensation claim if applicable. Workers’ compensation is a form of insurance that provides benefits to employees who suffer work-related injuries or illnesses.

1. Keep Communication Open:

• Maintain open communication with the injured employee during their recovery.
• Employers should keep the injured employee informed about the workers’ compensation process, their rights, and any return-to-work programs available.

1. Return-to-Work Programs:

• Some employers have return-to-work programs that help injured employees transition back to work gradually. These programs may involve modified duties or reduced hours depending on the nature of the injury.

1. Review and Improve Safety Procedures:

• Employers should conduct a thorough review of the circumstances leading to the injury and assess whether any changes to safety procedures or training are necessary to prevent similar incidents in the future.

1. Comply with Legal Requirements:

• Ensure compliance with local and federal regulations regarding workplace injuries and workers’ compensation. Each jurisdiction may have specific requirements that employers must follow.

1. Employee Assistance Programs (EAP):
   • Some employers offer Employee Assistance Programs to provide counseling and support services to employees dealing with the physical and emotional impact of workplace injuries.

It’s crucial for employers to have clear policies and procedures in place for handling workplace injuries and to foster a culture of safety to prevent accidents. Open communication and prompt action can contribute to the well-being of the injured employee and the overall safety of the workplace.

3 .Intentional Acts: Deliberate and intentional acts that result in harm are typically excluded. The purpose of insurance is to cover accidental or unforeseen events, not intentional wrongdoing.

Intentional acts are typically excluded from coverage under most insurance policies, including general liability insurance. Insurance is designed to provide protection against unforeseen and accidental events, not deliberate actions or intentional harm. The exclusion of intentional acts is a fundamental principle in insurance, reflecting the concept that individuals or businesses should not be able to benefit financially from their intentional wrongdoing.

Here are key points related to intentional acts and insurance coverage:

1. Exclusion Clause: Insurance policies, including general liability policies, often contain explicit language stating that coverage does not apply to intentional acts. This means that if an individual or business intentionally causes harm or damage, they are not entitled to insurance coverage for the resulting liabilities.
2. Purpose of Insurance: Insurance is intended to provide financial protection against risks that are accidental, unforeseen, or beyond the control of the insured. Deliberate actions, such as intentional harm or fraud, are considered outside the scope of insurable risks.
3. Criminal Acts: Insurance policies typically exclude coverage for liabilities arising from criminal acts. If an insured individual or business intentionally engages in illegal activities, they may not receive coverage for resulting damages.
4. Fraudulent Acts: Intentional misrepresentation or fraud may also be excluded from coverage. If an insured party intentionally provides false information to obtain coverage or make a claim, the insurance company may deny coverage.
5. Legal Consequences: Intentional acts may lead to legal consequences, including civil and criminal liabilities. In such cases, individuals or businesses may be held personally responsible for the damages they intentionally caused.
6. Separate Legal Proceedings: In situations involving intentional acts, legal proceedings may be necessary to address liabilities and damages. Insurance coverage typically won’t shield individuals or businesses from the legal consequences of intentional wrongdoing.

It’s important for individuals and businesses to be aware of the limitations of their insurance coverage and to act following legal and ethical standards. If there are questions about the scope of coverage or whether a specific act is covered, it’s advisable to consult with legal and insurance professionals for guidance. Additionally, insurance policies may vary, so it’s crucial to carefully review the terms and conditions of the specific policy in question.

4 .Contractual Liability: Liability assumed under a contract may be excluded unless it would exist even in the absence of the contract. Some policies may cover certain contractual liabilities, but others may exclude them.

Contractual liability refers to the responsibility assumed by one party under the terms of a contract for certain actions, services, or obligations. In the context of insurance, contractual liability is often excluded from general liability policies, and businesses may need to consider additional coverage to address this specific type of liability.

Here are key points related to contractual liability and its implications for insurance:

1. Definition of Contractual Liability:

• Contractual liability arises when a party agrees, either explicitly or implicitly, to assume specific responsibilities or liabilities as part of a contract.
• It can include promises to perform certain services, meet certain standards, or indemnify the other party for losses under specified conditions.

1. Insurance Exclusions:

• Many general liability insurance policies exclude coverage for liabilities assumed under a contract. This means that if a business agrees to assume certain responsibilities in a contract, the general liability policy may not provide coverage for resulting claims.

1. Hold Harmless and Indemnification Clauses:

• Contracts often include hold harmless and indemnification clauses, which transfer the risk of certain liabilities from one party to another. These clauses can trigger contractual liability.
• Hold harmless clauses may require one party to indemnify and defend the other party against specified claims.

1. Additional Insured Endorsements:

• To address contractual liability, businesses may obtain additional insured endorsements on their general liability policies. This extends coverage to entities with whom the insured has entered into a contractual relationship.
• The additional insured endorsement may provide coverage for certain liabilities assumed by the named insured under the contract.

1. Review of Contracts:

• Before entering into contracts, businesses should carefully review the terms, conditions, and indemnification clauses to understand the extent of any assumed liabilities.
• Legal and insurance professionals can provide guidance on contract language and its potential impact on insurance coverage.

1. Professional Liability Insurance:

• Certain professions, such as consultants, contractors, or service providers, may also need to consider professional liability insurance, which can provide coverage for liabilities arising from professional services and contractual obligations.

1. Risk Management:

• Businesses should implement risk management practices to assess and mitigate potential liabilities assumed under contracts. This may include negotiating favorable contract terms, obtaining appropriate insurance coverage, and establishing procedures for contract review.

Businesses need to be aware of the contractual liability exclusions in their insurance policies and take steps to address this exposure, either through additional endorsements, specialized policies, or risk management strategies. Legal advice and consultation with insurance professionals are valuable in navigating contractual obligations and their impact on insurance coverage.

• Product Liability: Some general liability policies exclude coverage for claims related to the manufacturing or sale of products. Businesses may need a separate product liability policy for this type of coverage.

Product liability refers to the legal responsibility of a manufacturer, distributor, seller, or other party involved in the supply chain for injuries or damages caused by a defective or unsafe product. When a product is found to be defective or dangerous, the individuals or entities involved in the production and distribution of that product can be held liable for any harm it causes to consumers or their property.

Key aspects of product liability include:

1. Types of Product Defects:

• Product liability claims typically arise from three main types of defects:
  • Design Defects: Flaws in the product’s design that make it inherently dangerous.
  • Manufacturing Defects: Issues that occur during the manufacturing process, resulting in a product that deviates from its intended design.
  • Marketing Defects (Failure to Warn): Inadequate warnings, instructions, or information about the product’s proper use and potential risks.

1. Parties Liable for Product Liability Claims:

• Liability can extend to various parties in the supply chain, including manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and sometimes even parties involved in the design or assembly process.
• The legal concept of strict liability often applies, meaning that a plaintiff may not need to prove negligence but only that the product was defective and caused harm.

1. Product Liability Laws:

• Product liability laws can vary by jurisdiction. These laws may be based on common law principles, statutes, or a combination of both.
• Some jurisdictions adhere to strict liability, while others may consider negligence or breach of warranty in product liability cases.

1. Compensation in Product Liability Cases:

• In product liability cases, compensation may be sought for various damages, including medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and property damage.
• Class-action lawsuits may occur when multiple individuals have suffered similar harm from a defective product.

1. Defenses in Product Liability Cases:

• Defendants in product liability cases may assert various defenses, such as:
  • Lack of causation (the product did not cause the alleged harm).
  • Assumption of risk (the plaintiff was aware of the risks and chose to use the product anyway).
  • Product misuse (the injury resulting from using the product in an unintended or improper way).

1. Product Recall:

• In some cases, a manufacturer or regulatory agency may initiate a product recall to address safety concerns and prevent further harm.
• A product recall does not absolve the liable party from potential legal consequences.

1. Insurance Coverage:

• Businesses involved in the manufacture, distribution, or sale of products often carry product liability insurance to help cover the costs of legal defense and potential settlements or judgments.

Given the complexity of product liability cases, it’s important for businesses to implement quality control measures, adhere to safety standards, and, when necessary, secure product liability insurance. Legal advice and consultation with experts in product safety can help companies navigate potential risks and ensure compliance with applicable regulations.

• Pollution: Pollution-related claims are often excluded under general liability policies. Companies requiring coverage for pollution risks may need to purchase environmental liability insurance.

Pollution liability refers to the legal and financial responsibility of individuals, businesses, or other entities for environmental harm caused by the release of pollutants into the air, water, or soil. Pollution can take various forms, including chemical spills, emissions, waste disposal, and other activities that lead to environmental contamination. Pollution liability issues can result in significant legal and financial consequences for the responsible parties.

Here are key points related to pollution liability:

1. Environmental Laws and Regulations:

• Various laws and regulations at the local, national, and international levels govern environmental protection and pollution control. Violations of these laws can lead to legal liabilities.

1. Types of Pollution Liability:

• Water Pollution Liability: Arises from contamination of water sources, such as rivers, lakes, or groundwater, due to the discharge of pollutants.
• Air Pollution Liability: Relates to emissions of pollutants into the air, leading to issues like smog, acid rain, or respiratory problems.
• Soil Pollution Liability: Involves contamination of soil by hazardous substances, which can affect plants, animals, and human health.

1. Sources of Pollution Liability:

• Entities such as manufacturing facilities, chemical plants, waste disposal sites, transportation companies, and others that handle or release pollutants may face pollution liability.

1. Cleanup Costs:

• Pollution liability often includes the obligation to pay for the cleanup and remediation of contaminated areas. These costs can be substantial and may involve soil and water remediation, air quality improvements, and other environmental restoration efforts.

1. Third-Party Claims:

• Third parties, such as neighboring property owners, residents, or environmental advocacy groups, may file claims or lawsuits against entities responsible for pollution, seeking damages for harm caused to health or property.

1. Pollution Liability Insurance:

• Pollution liability insurance, also known as environmental liability insurance, is a type of coverage that helps protect businesses against the financial risks associated with pollution-related liabilities. It may cover cleanup costs, legal expenses, and third-party damages.

1. Brownfield Redevelopment:

• Brownfields are properties that may be contaminated but have the potential for redevelopment. Addressing pollution liability is often a critical aspect of redeveloping brownfield sites.

1. Government Enforcement Actions:

• Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States, have the authority to enforce environmental laws. Non-compliance can result in fines, penalties, and legal actions.

1. Risk Management:

• Businesses can implement risk management practices, such as environmental audits and compliance programs, to identify and mitigate potential sources of pollution liability.

1. International Considerations:
   • Pollution liability issues may have international implications, especially for companies operating across borders. International treaties and agreements address transboundary pollution and environmental protection.

Due to the serious legal and financial consequences associated with pollution liability, businesses must take proactive measures to comply with environmental regulations, minimize the risk of pollution incidents, and obtain appropriate insurance coverage when necessary. Seeking legal advice and consulting with environmental experts can help businesses navigate complex environmental issues and liabilities.

• Aircraft, Watercraft, and Auto Liability: Liability arising from the use of certain vehicles may be excluded from a general liability policy and may require separate coverage.

Liability insurance for aircraft, watercraft, and automobiles is designed to provide coverage for bodily injury, property damage, and other liabilities that may arise from the operation of these vehicles. Here’s an overview of each type of liability insurance:

1. Aircraft Liability Insurance:

• Purpose: Aircraft liability insurance provides coverage for bodily injury or property damage for which the aircraft owner or operator may become legally responsible.
• Coverage Scope: It typically covers liabilities arising from the use, operation, or maintenance of an aircraft, including accidents and incidents occurring on the ground or in the air.
• Policies: Owners and operators of aircraft, whether private or commercial, are typically required to carry aircraft liability insurance.

1. Watercraft Liability Insurance:

• Purpose: Watercraft liability insurance covers liabilities associated with the operation of boats, ships, and other watercraft.
• Coverage Scope: It includes coverage for bodily injury or property damage for which the boat owner or operator may be held responsible. This can include accidents, collisions, and other incidents on the water.
• Policies: Boat owners, particularly those with larger vessels, may be required to carry watercraft liability insurance. Coverage may be mandatory for marina operators or individuals who lease docks.

1. Auto Liability Insurance:

• Purpose: Auto liability insurance provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage that an insured party may be legally obligated to pay due to an auto accident.
• Coverage Scope: It typically includes coverage for injuries to other parties (third parties) and damage to their property. It may also cover legal defense costs.
• Policies: Auto liability insurance is mandatory in many jurisdictions for vehicle owners. The coverage requirements vary, and policies may have limits for bodily injury per person, bodily injury per accident, and property damage.

1. Umbrella Liability Insurance:

• Purpose: In addition to the specific liability insurance for each type of vehicle, individuals or businesses may choose to purchase umbrella liability insurance.
• Coverage Scope: Umbrella insurance provides additional liability coverage that goes beyond the limits of the underlying policies (such as aircraft, watercraft, or auto liability). It offers broader protection and higher limits.
• Policies: Umbrella liability insurance is not specific to a particular type of vehicle but can provide additional coverage across various liability exposures.

1. Risk Management:

• Training and Safety Measures: Implementing training programs and safety measures for operators of aircraft, watercraft, and automobiles can help reduce the risk of accidents and liabilities.
• Compliance: Ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and requirements is essential for all modes of transportation.

It’s crucial for owners and operators of aircraft, watercraft, and automobiles to carefully review and understand the terms and conditions of their liability insurance policies. Additionally, they should consider the specific risks associated with each mode of transportation and assess whether additional coverage, such as umbrella insurance, is necessary to adequately protect against potential liabilities.

• Employment-Related Practices: Claims related to employment practices, such as discrimination, harassment, and wrongful termination, may be excluded. Employers may need employment practices liability insurance (EPLI) for such coverage.

Employment-related practices liability insurance (EPLI) is a type of insurance coverage that protects employers from the financial consequences of employment-related claims. These claims can arise from a variety of employment practices, including wrongful termination, discrimination, harassment, retaliation, and other violations of employment laws. EPLI is designed to cover legal costs, settlements, and judgments associated with these claims.

Here are key points related to employment-related practices liability insurance:

1. Coverage Scope:

• EPLI provides coverage for claims made by employees or former employees alleging wrongful employment practices. This can include claims related to discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, retaliation, defamation, and other employment-related issues.

1. Types of Claims Covered:

• EPLI policies typically cover a range of employment-related claims, including but not limited to:
  • Discrimination based on factors such as race, gender, age, disability, or religion.
  • Sexual harassment.
  • Wrongful termination.
  • Retaliation for reporting workplace misconduct or participating in legal proceedings.
  • Employment-related defamation.
  • Invasion of privacy.
  • Failure to promote or negligent evaluation.

1. Legal Defense Costs:

• EPLI coverage typically includes the costs of defending against covered claims. This may include legal fees, court costs, and other expenses associated with responding to a lawsuit.

1. Settlements and Judgments:

• If an employer is found liable for an employment-related claim, EPLI can cover settlement amounts or judgments awarded to the aggrieved party, up to the policy limits.

1. Third-Party Coverage:

• Some EPLI policies also provide coverage for claims brought by non-employees, such as clients, vendors, or other third parties, who allege wrongful employment practices.

1. Exclusions:

• EPLI policies may have certain exclusions, such as claims related to bodily injury, property damage, workers’ compensation, or violations of certain laws. It’s important for employers to carefully review policy exclusions.

1. Risk Management:

• Employers can implement risk management practices to reduce the likelihood of employment-related claims. This may include providing anti-discrimination training, having clear and consistent employment policies, conducting thorough investigations into complaints, and maintaining accurate employment records.

1. Policy Limits and Deductibles:

• EPLI policies have limits, and employers should carefully assess their coverage needs to ensure that the limits are adequate for their potential liabilities. Deductibles may also apply.

1. Legal Compliance:

• Employers should strive to comply with applicable employment laws and regulations to minimize the risk of employment-related claims. Staying informed about changes in employment law is essential.

EPLI is particularly important for businesses of all sizes to protect against the financial impact of employment-related lawsuits. While the coverage can be valuable, employers should also focus on fostering a positive work environment, implementing fair employment practices, and promptly addressing any concerns or complaints to reduce the likelihood of claims.

• War and Terrorism: Losses resulting from war, terrorism, or acts of war may be excluded from general liability policies.

War and terrorism are typically excluded perils in standard insurance policies due to the extreme nature of these events. Insurance policies, whether for property, liability, or other types of coverage, are generally designed to provide protection against risks that are accidental, unforeseen, and fortuitous. War and terrorism, being intentional and often politically motivated acts of violence, fall outside the scope of traditional insurance coverage.

Here are key points related to insurance coverage exclusions for war and terrorism:

1. War Exclusion:

• Insurance policies commonly include a war exclusion clause. This clause explicitly states that the policy does not cover losses or damages arising from war, declared or undeclared, or any warlike actions.

1. Terrorism Exclusion:

• Terrorism exclusions are also common in insurance policies. These exclusions specify that losses resulting from acts of terrorism are not covered under the policy.

1. Separate Terrorism Insurance:

• In some cases, businesses or individuals may choose to purchase separate terrorism insurance to cover losses resulting from terrorist acts. In certain countries, governments may offer or back terrorism insurance programs to ensure coverage is available for catastrophic events.

1. Certified Acts of Terrorism:

• Some insurance policies may provide coverage for certified acts of terrorism. These acts are usually defined by government authorities, and the insurance industry may rely on certifications from these authorities to trigger coverage.

1. Government Backing:

• In some countries, the government may play a role in providing financial backing or reinsurance for losses resulting from acts of terrorism. This is designed to ensure that coverage remains available and affordable for businesses and individuals.

1. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Exclusion:

• Insurance policies often include exclusions for losses related to nuclear, biological, or chemical events, which could be associated with acts of terrorism.

1. Political Risk Insurance:

• Businesses operating in regions with heightened geopolitical risks may consider political risk insurance, which can provide coverage for a broader range of perils, including political violence and government actions.

1. International Considerations:

• Coverage for war and terrorism may vary by region and country. Insurance buyers with international exposures should carefully review and understand the terms and conditions of their policies.

1. Insurance Market Changes:

• The insurance industry may reassess and adjust its approach to coverage for war and terrorism in response to changes in the geopolitical landscape, global security, and risk perceptions.

Given the dynamic and unpredictable nature of war and terrorism, businesses and individuals are encouraged to carefully review their insurance policies, understand exclusions, and consider additional coverage options if necessary. Seeking advice from insurance professionals who specialize in these areas can be crucial for making informed decisions about risk management and insurance protection.

1. Certain Damages: Some policies may exclude coverage for certain types of damages, such as punitive damages or fines.

“Certain damages” is a term that may be used in legal and insurance contexts to refer to specific types of damages or losses that are clearly defined, quantifiable, and reasonably certain. In legal and insurance discussions, the term is often contrasted with speculative or uncertain damages. Here are some key points related to certain damages:

1. Definition of Certain Damages:

• Certain damages refer to losses or harm that can be established with a high degree of certainty. These damages are usually quantifiable and can be specifically identified or calculated.

1. Types of Certain Damages:

• Examples of certain damages in legal and insurance contexts may include:
  • Economic Damages: Tangible losses such as medical expenses, property damage, lost wages, and other financial losses that can be objectively measured.
  • Special Damages: Specific, quantifiable losses that are a direct result of an injury or breach of contract.
  • Direct Damages: Immediate and foreseeable losses resulting directly from an event or action.

1. Contrast with Speculative Damages:

• Certain damages are distinguished from speculative or uncertain damages, which are damages that are difficult to measure precisely or may depend on future events. Speculative damages are generally not recoverable in legal or insurance contexts.

1. Insurance Claims:

• In insurance, certain damages are those for which the insured party can provide clear evidence and documentation. For example, medical bills, repair estimates, and invoices for damaged property are types of certain damages.

1. Legal Proceedings:

• In legal cases, certain damages are damages that can be proven with a reasonable degree of certainty, often through documents, receipts, expert testimony, or other concrete evidence.

1. Mitigation of Damages:

• Parties seeking damages are generally required to take reasonable steps to mitigate their losses. Certain damages may include those that result from the injured party’s efforts to minimize the impact of the harm suffered.

1. Punitive Damages:

• Punitive damages, which are intended to punish a wrongdoer rather than compensate the injured party, are not always considered certain damages. They may be awarded in specific cases where egregious conduct is proven.

1. Legal Principles:

• Legal principles may vary by jurisdiction, and the term “certain damages” may be used in different legal contexts to refer to specific types of damages recoverable under the law.

Understanding the concept of certain damages is important in legal and insurance contexts to assess the types of losses that can be compensated and to differentiate them from speculative or uncertain claims. Parties involved in legal disputes or insurance claims often work to establish and document certain damages through evidence and expert testimony to support their case.

It’s crucial for businesses to work closely with their insurance agents or brokers to understand the specific exclusions in their general liability policies and to assess whether additional coverage or separate policies are needed to address particular risks.